BIG BRAIN CREATES QUANTUM WORLDS DIVISION FOR STUDY OF QUANTUM SPACE
The Big Brain has formed the Quantum Space Division, i.e. The Quantum Worlds Exploration Division, which will explore strange new worlds that exist beyond the microscopic space end of the size spectrum. The project will explore perplexing "quantum world things" that traverse past the increasingly small realm of nanotechnology, and zoom deep down within the embedded and perhaps limitless infinitely shrinking zonal space of the ultimately weird and not-understood Quantum Effects.
According to research sources, i.e. Quantum Reflection
The purpose is to create a platform for exploring the phenomenon of quantum reflection, taking and applying Quantum Reflection to a level incorporating added dimensional Quanta and to theoretically represent their predicted or simulated behaviors and effects.
TOOLS
Even when dealing with the theoretical, special research tools are required for experimentation, simulation and investigation of various scientific principles. For this reason, the QuadLyzer was invented and built.
Quantum Reflection
university.iosonofabio.fastmail.fm/talks/Quantum_Reflection.pdf
Quantum reflection is a classically counter intuitive phenomenon whereby the motion of particles is reverted "against the force" acting on them. This effect manifests the wave nature of particles and influences collisions of ultra-cold atoms and interaction of atoms with solid surfaces.
Quantum reflection of cold atoms from surfaces occurs on the attractive tails of long-range atom surface potentials, and takes place at mesoscopic distances on the order of a fraction of a micron.
Because of that, studies of quantum reflection are closely related to studies of the long-range atom-surface interactions and contribute to our understanding of the interface between quantum world and the macroscopic world in general.
Observation of quantum reflection has become possible thanks to recent advances in trapping and cooling atoms. Utilization of this effect has only begun and holds many exciting promises. The goal of the workshop is to present the recent results and applications of quantum reflection in the areas of atomic, molecular, optical and surface physics, and to discuss its potential for science and technology, notably for the understanding of quantum mechanics, for realization of experiments testing quantum electrodynamics and gravity, and for applications in the fields of quantum optics and nanotechnology.
Institute for Theoretical Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/itamp/
MESOSCOPIC
Mesoscopic physics is a sub-discipline of condensed matter physics which deals with materials of an intermediate length scale. The scale of such materials can be described as being between the size of a quantity of atoms (such as a molecule) and of materials measuring micrometers. The lower limit can also be defined as being the size of individual atoms. At the micrometer level are bulk materials. Mesoscopic and macroscopic objects have in common that they both contain a large number of atoms. Whereas average properties derived from its constituent materials describe macroscopic objects, as they usually obey the laws of classical mechanics, a mesoscopic object, by contrast, is affected by fluctuations around the average, and is subject to quantum mechanics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoscopic_physics
In other words, a macroscopic device, when scaled down to a meso-size, starts revealing quantum mechanical properties. For example, at the macroscopic level the conductance of a wire increases continuously with its diameter. However, at the mesoscopic level, the wire's conductance is quantized - the increases occur in discrete, or individual, whole steps. During research, mesoscopic devices are constructed, measured, and observed experimentally and theoretically in order to advance understanding of the physics of insulators, semiconductors, metals, and superconductors. The applied science of mesoscopic physics deals with the potential of building nano-devices.
SIZE OF MESOSCOPIC
There is no rigid definition for mesoscopic physics, but the systems studied are normally in the range of 100 nm (the size of a typical virus) to 1 000 nm (the size of a typical bacterium). 100 nanometers is the approximate upper limit for a nanoparticle.
From Discussion
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=560069
Quantum mechanics basically takes the wave mechanics of classical physics and applies it to individual particles. There are a few differences that crop up when you do this, but I think the main concept here carries over pretty well-- the concept of interference. In classical wave mechanics, we have Huygens' principle, which says that every part of a wave acts like sources for how the wave evolves forward in time. Also, we have the "superposition principle", which says that every solution to the wave equation that comes from one source just adds up with the solutions that come from all other sources. This means in classical waves, the waves get a high total amplitude wherever there is constructive interference, and low total amplitude wherever there is destructive interference.
SUPERPOSITION PRICIPLE
In the case of reflection, we find that the presence of the mirror allows a certain behavior to receive constructive interference, which would not if the mirror were not there. The new behavior is "angle of incidence equals angle of reflection", and the mathematical property of that type of solution is that it exhibits "stationary phase." Stationary phase means the phase of the type of process (so how quickly the amplitude of the process varies over the set of very similar processes) is not varying over the physically allowed process, but does vary rapidly as soon as you test a non-physical process. Thus, the "angle of incidence equals angle of reflection" gives an extremum in the phase as you vary over a range of possible processes-- in this case, it is the minimum time to get between specified points A and B. Without the mirror, the only minimum time is the straight line between them. With the mirror, a second possibility emerges, the local minimum in time that comes from an equal angle of incidence and angle of reflection path between A and B that glances off the mirror. (It takes more time than the straight shot, but less time than all its neighboring paths, so it exhibits stationary phase and so constructive interference when you add the neighboring amplitudes.)
This still doesn't answer what the mirror is doing that allows for this new stationary phase solution. The classical answer to that is that the mirror acts like a source of waves that cancel the incident wave within the mirror, and constructively interfere to make a reflected wave. Quantum mechanically, the mirror creates a boundary condition on the photon wave function that forces the wave function to go to zero at the surface of the mirror, and this constraint suffices to give the reflected wave when you apply the superposition of wave functions analyzed in terms of all the modes that obey that constraint and have the energy of the incident wave. You could even do it with quantum field theory, and one way to picture that would be to say that the incident photon is destroyed by the mirror, but its energy must be accounted for, and since the mirror is elastic, it must use the energy to promote a "virtual photon" to the status of a real photon. What's more, the virtual photon not only has to have the energy of the original photon, it must also have a wave function that resonates constructively with the original photon-- in other words, it is indistinguishable from the original photon, so is ruled by the same wave function, and that wave function must experience constructive interferece (for all the above reasons) to have a reasonable probability of actually happening.
So you may be surprised to find there is not just one answer to your question, and there might be new possible answers in a few more centuries, but the key idea is constructive interference set up by the way the mirror is required to prevent the photon from crossing its flat surface, yet energy is also required to be conserved. Generally, we're happy if we have one way to think about it that gives good results and seems simple enough for us to understand.
Quantum mechanical tunneling and reflection simulation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cV2fkDscwvY
What is Quantum Tunneling?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=fvwp&v=cTodS8hkSDg
More Links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_reflection
Quantum Reflection from an Atomic Mirror
george.ph.utexas.edu/papers/reflection_atomic_mirror.pdf
Counter-Intuitive the Laws of Quantum Physics
Researchers at the Fritz Haber Institute in Berlin report on the observation of a text-book quantum effect that nicely reveals how counter-intuitive the laws of quantum physics can be. Considering only classical mechanics, a particle moving towards a cliff would, inevitably, fall over (and down) the cliff wall, simply because the force is acting in this direction. In stark contrast, the wave-particle-duality of quantum physics allows for a particle (e.g., an atom or molecule) to bounce back from the edge of the cliff unscathed. This is known as quantum reflection and is responsible for the observation of non-destructive reflection of the weakest bound molecule known, the helium dimer, from a reflection grating. The findings have been published in the journal Science.
http://presse.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/832?lang=en
http://presse.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/brevia5.jpgArtist’s view of quantum reflection of a diatomic helium molecule in front of a solid surface. The attractive force between the surface and the helium dimer (van-der-Waals force) forms a deep canyon in front of the hard wall. The helium dimer survives this impact, because the dimer actually never comes into this canyon but bounces off the edge of the cliff.
Quantum reflection of ultracold atoms from thin films, graphene and semiconductor heterostructures
http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/13/8/083020/fulltext/
http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/nick.parker/images/SOL2.jpgBRIGHT SOLITARY MATTER WAVES: The quantum wavefunction of a BEC satisfies a nonlinear Schrodinger equation. Under attractive atomic interaction, self-trappedwaves of matter known as bright solitary waves can be supported.
Sufficiency conditions for quantum reflection http://iopscience.iop.org/0295-5075/51/4/381
http://ej.iop.org/images/0295-5075/51/4/381/Full/img26.gif
