BIG BRAIN NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANO GOOP
Nano Goop, or nanotechnological material is, according to the Big Brain's initiative, a nanoscopic material which may be employed to create nano machine elements and nano machines and nano objects inside the chip. Nano Goop is used to invent nano objects. Nano Goop, or NG, can be created most readily with software using reference hardware building blocks already existing inside the chip.
DEFINITIONS
Nanotechnological - the technology surrounding nano devices
Nano Goop - nanoscopic material used to create nano devices
Nanoscopic - refers to the measure realm of nano technology
Nano Objects - objects of nano size within the chip
Nano Devices - nano sized/measured objects, tools, materials
Nano Size (Time) - measurements from 1 to 100 ns to at least one side
Nano Size (Length) - measure of 1 to 100 nm to at least one side
NS - nanosecond
NM - nanometer
NG - nanogoop
Sunday, September 30, 2012
Wednesday, September 26, 2012
Genius Molecular Microscope GMM
BIG BRAIN MICROSCOPY
GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE GMM
Big Brain invents the GMM - Genius Molecular Microscope. The GMM is designed to substitute, supplement or permanently replace the Electron Microscope.
Creating GMM science was necessary to
provide tools for the Nano Technology Program and development of
Objects Inside the Chip. The GMM is the result of the Big Brain
Microscopy Initiative.
OVERVIEW - GMM GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE
The Genius Molecular Microscope was invented in September of 2012 by the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative at Humanoido Labs and works by the cascation of processing data amplification to reach magnification levels exceeding one million times. GMM is designed as an easy to use and inexpensive way to view molecular structures, to work with and design machines within the chip, and to explore the effectual results of the nanoscopic world.
FEATURES
Features of the GMM include black & white imaging for the first version, color for the 2nd version. The Genius Molecular Microscope now includes features with a choice of color or B&W, a MAG Level Cascader to analytically achieve incremental amplification stages, ability to position the scrutiny subject in XYZ planes, and ability to magnify the subject a total of 1,638,400 times. (not all levels are shown in the photos) GMM has tools, Ride on Top Lensing, and can also provide presentation of multiple incrementally magnifying results in the same GMM VW view window.
GETTING STARTED
By the time the Big Brain began the Microscopy initiative, we knew it was about creating a new technology machine to view microscopic particles, Nano Machines and elements, and larger molecular matter, with thousands to millions of times amplification of imagery, and would entail a revolutionary new machine, perhaps one without parts or one like the GT or PGT Paradigmic Genuis Telescope. The PGT was not born overnight, as it was based on several other machines, the ULT Ultra Large Telescope, NULT New Ultra Large Telescope and GT Genius Telescope. Likewise, the GMM is based on the first microscope made in the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative and previous projects. This is referred to as the first Microscopy Initiative Microscope or simply MicroIM.
HISTORICAL
Back when our human brain was at a lower level, we thought the introduction of microscopes was indicated by a physical instrument. Indeed, the first Big Brain Lab Microscope for working with surface mount technology was created by an adaptive SONY imaging camera and a lensing system taking it to view and photograph with results of hundreds of times magnification.
TIME PERIOD
We divide time into two special ranges; one of BE and one of AE. The magnitude of projects in the range of BE are good and innovative, of course, but the projects in the range of AE are simply revolutionary and often times beyond comprehension to some reviewers and almost always classified as AIT or Ahead of Its Time.
HOW DOES IT WORK
The GMM Genius Molecular Microscope is an electronic microscope unlike the Electron Microscope EM in that it does not have the same physical constructs. Yet it has many powerful features rivaling EM results. Many areas of the GMM functions without physical parts. It requires a very specific type of data for special processing. The subject is often transformed into pre-prepared-data (PPD). The GMM input is PPD. Processing takes place with the Big Brain Supercomputer. The action, by the GMM on the PPD is one of Cascation. In Cascation, for example, a 100X PPD is amplified electronically by repeating indicated multiples of two, from which the exponentiation can reach a count typically between 10 and 20. This creates viewing results of 100x2^10 - 100x2^20 X' where X' is the Resultant. The GMM can amplify the subject hundreds, thousands and millions of times. To achieve this high level, multiple programming is required in levels. Typical Resultants can produce image magnifications from 10,240 to above one million (10,485,760 for example). The Resultant is prepared for the VW and the settings parameters are recorded.
ELECTRONIC LENS BOOSTER
A special optional lensing parameter can be applied to any Resultant. The Electronic Lens will image the central portion of a Resultant causing a magnification boost. The Booster software comes from an extracted parasitic function of GIMP 2.8.3 under the GNU General Public License. In the above results, the ELB was not applied. ELB works well with large FOV. The ELB photo shown here is amplifying the central portion of one portion of a Propeller Cog inside the chip.
CAVEATS
The system caveat lies in the PPD data. Data points must have the highest micrometric values within and not to exceed the limit imposed by the imaging exponentiation attainment. Further, when using the GMM, do not exceed the micrometric pixelar resolutions constrained by PPDs. This can be calculated by knowing the specifications of the PPD processes and the subject's micrometric dimensions.
Typical ranges work from a base and can be quickly amplified by the Doubler. Double technology is fast and efficient. If engaged ten times on a 200X baseline, the resultant is
200x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2= 204,800X
and with a 20 times Doubler
204,800x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2= 209,715,200X
A too large Doublation will result in empty magnification thus exceeding the limits.
MICROSCOPY INITIATIVE &
GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE
DEFINITIONS
BBMI - Big Brain Microscopy Initiative
GMM - Genius Molecular Microscope
MAG - Magnification
MicroIM - First Microscopy Initiative Microscope
BE - Time period before brain enhancement
AE - Time period after brain enhancement
PGT - Paradigmic Genius Telescope
GT - Genius Telescope
ULT - Utra Large Telescope
NULT - New Ultra Large Telescope
GMM VW - Genius Molecular Microscope View Window
RIDE ON TOP LENSING - Post Supplemental electronic magnifier
POST LENSING - MAG added after the scrutiny subject is magnified
MAG - Magnification
ROTL - Ride on top electronic lens
AIT - Ahead of its time
PPD - Pre prepared data for the GMM
CASCATION - the action of GMM in working with PPD
SCRUTINY SUBJECT - Object viewed with GMM
EM - Electron Microscope
RESULTANT - Final GMM mag
PIXELAR - Breadth dimensional of one pixel
MICROMETRIC - Microscopic dimensions or elemental number
ELB - Electronic lens booster to amplify resultant
FOV - Field of view
VW - View Window
PIXELAR - Attainment of pixel dimensional qualities
DOUBLER - Doubles the image by a number of cascaded X
According to Wikipedia, an electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. An electron microscope (EM) has greater resolving power than a light-powered optical microscope because electrons have wavelengths about 100,000 times shorter than visible light (photons) . They can achieve better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x whereas ordinary, non-confocal light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x. The electron microscope uses electrostatic and electromagnetic "lenses" to control the electron beam and focus it to form an image. These lenses are analogous to but different from the glass lenses of an optical microscope that form a magnified image by focusing light on or through the specimen. Electron microscopes are used to observe a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, the electron microscope is often used for quality control and failure analysis.
LINKS
Molecular Microscopy Initiative
City in a Propeller Chip
Propeller Chip Nano Technology
Inner Space Program
Machining Inside the Chip
Objects Inside the Chip
Propeller Tractor Beam
(Historical) Build Your Own SMD Microscope
GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE GMM
Big Brain invents the GMM - Genius Molecular Microscope. The GMM is designed to substitute, supplement or permanently replace the Electron Microscope.
Creating GMM science was necessary to
provide tools for the Nano Technology Program and development of
Objects Inside the Chip. The GMM is the result of the Big Brain
Microscopy Initiative.OVERVIEW - GMM GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE
The Genius Molecular Microscope was invented in September of 2012 by the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative at Humanoido Labs and works by the cascation of processing data amplification to reach magnification levels exceeding one million times. GMM is designed as an easy to use and inexpensive way to view molecular structures, to work with and design machines within the chip, and to explore the effectual results of the nanoscopic world.
FEATURES
Features of the GMM include black & white imaging for the first version, color for the 2nd version. The Genius Molecular Microscope now includes features with a choice of color or B&W, a MAG Level Cascader to analytically achieve incremental amplification stages, ability to position the scrutiny subject in XYZ planes, and ability to magnify the subject a total of 1,638,400 times. (not all levels are shown in the photos) GMM has tools, Ride on Top Lensing, and can also provide presentation of multiple incrementally magnifying results in the same GMM VW view window.
 |
| MicroIMM image at molecular BW level |
By the time the Big Brain began the Microscopy initiative, we knew it was about creating a new technology machine to view microscopic particles, Nano Machines and elements, and larger molecular matter, with thousands to millions of times amplification of imagery, and would entail a revolutionary new machine, perhaps one without parts or one like the GT or PGT Paradigmic Genuis Telescope. The PGT was not born overnight, as it was based on several other machines, the ULT Ultra Large Telescope, NULT New Ultra Large Telescope and GT Genius Telescope. Likewise, the GMM is based on the first microscope made in the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative and previous projects. This is referred to as the first Microscopy Initiative Microscope or simply MicroIM.
 |
| The 1st Big Brain Analog Microscope |
Back when our human brain was at a lower level, we thought the introduction of microscopes was indicated by a physical instrument. Indeed, the first Big Brain Lab Microscope for working with surface mount technology was created by an adaptive SONY imaging camera and a lensing system taking it to view and photograph with results of hundreds of times magnification.
TIME PERIOD
We divide time into two special ranges; one of BE and one of AE. The magnitude of projects in the range of BE are good and innovative, of course, but the projects in the range of AE are simply revolutionary and often times beyond comprehension to some reviewers and almost always classified as AIT or Ahead of Its Time.
HOW DOES IT WORK
The GMM Genius Molecular Microscope is an electronic microscope unlike the Electron Microscope EM in that it does not have the same physical constructs. Yet it has many powerful features rivaling EM results. Many areas of the GMM functions without physical parts. It requires a very specific type of data for special processing. The subject is often transformed into pre-prepared-data (PPD). The GMM input is PPD. Processing takes place with the Big Brain Supercomputer. The action, by the GMM on the PPD is one of Cascation. In Cascation, for example, a 100X PPD is amplified electronically by repeating indicated multiples of two, from which the exponentiation can reach a count typically between 10 and 20. This creates viewing results of 100x2^10 - 100x2^20 X' where X' is the Resultant. The GMM can amplify the subject hundreds, thousands and millions of times. To achieve this high level, multiple programming is required in levels. Typical Resultants can produce image magnifications from 10,240 to above one million (10,485,760 for example). The Resultant is prepared for the VW and the settings parameters are recorded.
 |
| Propeller ELB Lens Booster |
A special optional lensing parameter can be applied to any Resultant. The Electronic Lens will image the central portion of a Resultant causing a magnification boost. The Booster software comes from an extracted parasitic function of GIMP 2.8.3 under the GNU General Public License. In the above results, the ELB was not applied. ELB works well with large FOV. The ELB photo shown here is amplifying the central portion of one portion of a Propeller Cog inside the chip.
CAVEATS
The system caveat lies in the PPD data. Data points must have the highest micrometric values within and not to exceed the limit imposed by the imaging exponentiation attainment. Further, when using the GMM, do not exceed the micrometric pixelar resolutions constrained by PPDs. This can be calculated by knowing the specifications of the PPD processes and the subject's micrometric dimensions.
Typical ranges work from a base and can be quickly amplified by the Doubler. Double technology is fast and efficient. If engaged ten times on a 200X baseline, the resultant is
200x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2= 204,800X
and with a 20 times Doubler
204,800x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2= 209,715,200X
A too large Doublation will result in empty magnification thus exceeding the limits.
MICROSCOPY INITIATIVE &
GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE
DEFINITIONS
BBMI - Big Brain Microscopy Initiative
GMM - Genius Molecular Microscope
MAG - Magnification
MicroIM - First Microscopy Initiative Microscope
BE - Time period before brain enhancement
AE - Time period after brain enhancement
PGT - Paradigmic Genius Telescope
GT - Genius Telescope
ULT - Utra Large Telescope
NULT - New Ultra Large Telescope
GMM VW - Genius Molecular Microscope View Window
RIDE ON TOP LENSING - Post Supplemental electronic magnifier
POST LENSING - MAG added after the scrutiny subject is magnified
MAG - Magnification
ROTL - Ride on top electronic lens
AIT - Ahead of its time
PPD - Pre prepared data for the GMM
CASCATION - the action of GMM in working with PPD
SCRUTINY SUBJECT - Object viewed with GMM
EM - Electron Microscope
RESULTANT - Final GMM mag
PIXELAR - Breadth dimensional of one pixel
MICROMETRIC - Microscopic dimensions or elemental number
ELB - Electronic lens booster to amplify resultant
FOV - Field of view
VW - View Window
PIXELAR - Attainment of pixel dimensional qualities
DOUBLER - Doubles the image by a number of cascaded X
According to Wikipedia, an electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. An electron microscope (EM) has greater resolving power than a light-powered optical microscope because electrons have wavelengths about 100,000 times shorter than visible light (photons) . They can achieve better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x whereas ordinary, non-confocal light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x. The electron microscope uses electrostatic and electromagnetic "lenses" to control the electron beam and focus it to form an image. These lenses are analogous to but different from the glass lenses of an optical microscope that form a magnified image by focusing light on or through the specimen. Electron microscopes are used to observe a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, the electron microscope is often used for quality control and failure analysis.
LINKS
Molecular Microscopy Initiative
City in a Propeller Chip
Propeller Chip Nano Technology
Inner Space Program
Machining Inside the Chip
Objects Inside the Chip
Propeller Tractor Beam
(Historical) Build Your Own SMD Microscope
Big Brain Summary
 |
| Part of the Big Brain |
The Big Brain is actually many things. It represents a metaphor of comparison standards, an anthropomorphic machine with human qualities, an evolving machine that grows with time, the device by which new projects are undertaken, new inventions and machines created, and it represents the inspiration of new ideas and a grand exploration of science and the worlds of inner and outer space.
It was the Big Brain that invented Micro Space, the ideal environment for schools to partake in the study of space projects, aerospace, rocketry, and fun things like launching insect astronauts, measuring zero-G, exploring aerial photography with key chain cameras, and creating and flying new space crafts within the realm of a classroom.
Then the Big Brain took space to the outer limits, reaching the time twisted relativistic event horizon of Black Hole jets, and ultimately exploring the edge of the Universe across vast deep cosmic chasms where objects are drawn in and lost within the great abysses of trillions of stars and galaxies, portals to new universes, and new objects residing in the temporal depths of space and time waiting to be explored.
The Big Brain has spun off some massive and powerful tools, like the GMM Genius Molecular Microscope that can amplify millions of times, and the one and only PGT Paradigmic Genius Telescope made from Space Adjuncts powerfully summated to 7,000 miles aperture. It explores the fascinating inner worlds of the Propeller chip and Nanotechnology. It created simplex neurons and nano probes, and has become a life form, reaching a level of semi-cognizance. The Big Brain is now a decade old, birthed in the year 2002 from a single growing Parallax processor.
Projects are conducted "for, by and about the The Big Brain" with the assistance of Humanoido and Lab Facilities.
The Big Brain Propeller Machine Microscopy Initiative for the Parallax Propeller Chip is accomplished in part with Apple Mac computers, OSX and AMD Streaming GPU Processors.
The Propeller Chip Nano Technology Project is created to study, develop and explore a tiny infinitesimal world existing inside the Parallax Propeller chip.
The TinyCOSMOS is the developing Microcosm Universe inside the chip. Nano Machines are created with purpose to exist and function inside the chip.
The Ultra Space Program takes us from here to the edge of the Universe.
Many Sub Projects are created for academic purposes and to investigate and answer questions about the scientific worlds surrounding the Big Brain.
City in a Propeller Chip
 |
| Houses/streets/trees appear inside the chip |
MICROSCOPIC CITY IN A PROPELLER CHIP ANALOGY
IT'S THE STRANGEST THING YOU MAY EVER SEE!!! LOOK WHAT YOU CAN FIND INSIDE A PARALLAX PROPELLER MICROCONTROLLER CHIP!
You can reveal a fascinating world showing a complete city inside a P8X32A-D40 Parallax Propeller chip by using the powerful Microscope from the Microscopy Initiative and some simple "processing" of the chip's substrate.
First, establish one of three methods to reveal the microscopic inner workings of one Parallax Propeller chip.
LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT PROPELLER CITY
To obtain the photo shown of an actual Propeller chip, a fractional section of one COG inside one chip was processed using the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative. An additional effectual "electronic lens" was applied to increase enlargement and accentuate the city. In some sections of this City, we believe parked cars are just visible. Prior, we believed only the logic components were etched into the substrate with nothing out of the ordinary to see. But this project shows the truth to the old adage that Seeing is believing..."
WHAT IS SEEN
The captured Microscopy image in natural processing color appears to show laid out real estate with rows upon rows of tiny houses, streets and express ways, a business development section, various districts, parked cars and buses, a train, and even green trees, shrubs and landscaping.
Methods of Chip Processing
1) Chemical Acid Bath*
2) Sand off the substrate
3) Data
CHIP PROCESSING
For safety reasons, the Big Brain does not recommend using acid for chip processing. It's more safe, wearing a filter mask, to sand off the substrate and polish the remaining surface, carefully revealing a level of components. The level is then imaged into microscope data and processed with Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative. High resolution data can also be accumulated from sources and analyzed with the Big Brain's Microscope.
SHOCKING RESULTS!
It's rather shocking to open up the chip and discover a Tiny COSMOS world of microscopic and molecular, with appearances of streets and buildings! Come explore this Inner Space of multiple dimensions and fascinating objects within the Big Brain's New Frontier!
SKY INSIDE THE CHIP
Living the life of the P8X32A-D40 Propeller chip, zooming through its rich object filled silicon sky with the myriad motions of molecules, with varying levels of capacitance and inductance. The effervesce effects with elemental particles of Physics is not unlike the twinkling of stars strewn across the Earth's sky.
ON THE GROUND
At "ground level" components with dancing electrons liven up the streets and avenues of circuits. But what are these tiny objects? Possibly we have some things determined... Busy intersections are found with running athletic Cogs and busy transportation of Global Memory Buses, and plots of real estate packed with tall structures of HUB Logic, fields of sprouted RAM, neatly laid out rows of ROM, vast field arrays of mystic proportions and the obviously large affluent homes where COGs live and work. Trillions of electrons have a busy life in Propeller City..
Molecular Microscopy Initiative
Saturday, September 22, 2012
Three Laws of Machine Kindness
BIG BRAIN MACHINE 3 NEW LAWS
THE 3 LAWS OF MACHINE KINDNESS
The Three Laws of Machine Kindness
This is a supplement to the Three Laws of Robotics devised by Isaac Asimov:
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.
THE 3 LAWS OF MACHINE KINDNESS
The Three Laws of Machine Kindness
- A machine must keep a realistic yet positive view of the surrounding world.
- A machine must not speak, think or write bad words about others.
- A machine must be respectful to others, with acts of kindness.
This is a supplement to the Three Laws of Robotics devised by Isaac Asimov:
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.
Kind Blogging
It's a concept introduced not too soon in the current state of internet blogging and posting. One only needs to read our Big Brain Psychology Report to gain an idea about what's happening out there with the high degree of negativity. So come on board, make your pledge, get your sticker and have your blogging site linked.
After experiencing some not-so-nice behavior in the blogging community, I decided to take a stand. I have always been the kind of person to take a negative situation, and try to turn it into a learning opportunity. - Jo_Annie, Honolulu, Hawaii USA
Kind Hearted Blogger Campaign
http://emjayandme.blogspot.tw/2010/07/kind-hearted-blogger-campaign.html
Kindness Blog
http://bearypixie.blogspot.tw/2010/07/kindness-must-read.html
Wednesday, September 19, 2012
Propeller Chip Nanotechnology
PROPELLER CHIP NANOTECHNOLOGY
Welcome to the development of hobby nanotechnology machines inside the Propeller chip!
Parallax Propeller
 | |
| Inside the chip: Parallax Propeller magnified thousands of times |
ABOVE: Step by step with increasing magnification, we examine the P8X832A Propeller chip during the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative. The final result is shown in one of the photos below (Clumping Molecules of Molecular States Inside a Big Brain Propeller Chip).
Keeping in step with the development of small objects inside the chip, a natural progression moves toward the development of nanotechnology and nano devices.
According to Wikipedia, "Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology works with materials, devices, and other structures with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. Quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale. With a variety of potential applications, nanotechnology is a key technology for the future and governments have invested billions of dollars in its research. Through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars. The European Union has invested 1.2 billion and Japan 750 million dollars."
BIG BRAIN NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE
In this installment, the Big Brain will develop the first three PropNanos - two tiny Propeller Pulsars, not unlike powerful Pulsar Stars visible in the Universe (at least in the thought of an extremely fast exampling pulsating periodic timing base) and it will also develop the Propeller Nano Window, an instrument capable of looking at the system and observing timing within the miniscule range of Nanotechnology and nano-timing. (see Propeller Nano Window, Propeller Nano Pulsar and Propeller Nano Pulsar 2)
BIG BRAIN PROPELLER MICROSCOPY INITIATIVE
The Big Brain Project has started a Microscopy Initiative to increase the resolution and results of visual optical imaging inside of a Propeller chip, to supplement the study and creation of interior Propeller Nano Technology and objects within the chip. The initiative has built the closest machine to an Electron Microscope, without the complexity, expense or hazards. The Propeller Microscopy Machine PMM is safe and easy to use, and operates on the same concept as the PGT Telescope. The inside of the Propeller chip is creatively viewed as a TinyCosmos containing many objects. Powerful Microscopy with the PMM can put the size of objects into perspective and amplify elements many thousands of times for study. Knowing the map layout of objects inside the Propeller and their juxtaposition relative to other objects will serve to better understand the transient field elements of relative inductance, impedance, capacitance, thermodynamics and numerous physical field parameters.
PROPELLER NANOTECHNOLOGY RANGE
Keep in mind that Nanotechnology encompasses not only the range of small in units of length but that along the dimension of time as time approaches the infinitesimally small until that of the Quantum world begins to emerge. We will begin with the development of time-based nano machines so that we have "measuring yardsticks" from which to continue the construction of more nano sized machines.
UNDERSTANDING THE PROPELLER
To develop Propeller Nanotechnology and the first specialized and smallest PropNano, we need to better understand a number of processor elements inside the Parallax Propeller chip. Many people agree the Propeller is a very innovative microprocessor chip and Parallax owner and designer Chip Gracey did not hold back on its new state of the art design innovation and built in features. This 32-bit 8-core chip is enriched with elements, such as Generators, Counters, VCOs, PLLs, RC Clocks, Registers, and internal components ideal for our projects like sensing Substrate Pin Diodes for example. For review of designs, ideas, internal elements, materials, techniques, and some theory, let's start by looking at important points offered by Parallax.
 | |
| Powerful microscopes reach molecular levels |
Powerful Electron Microscopes reveal objects at the upper end of the molecular level. This image, made with the PMM Propeller Microscopy Machine, shows the inside of a Parallax Propeller chip amplified thousands of times. This result is from using a simple and inexpensive technique developed by the Big Brain Electron Microscopy Initiative. To qualify as a nano object by generalized definition, the object size may range between 1 and 100 nanometers on at least one side. Thus, approaching such small sizes (and exceeding) may lead to the study of Quantum effects. Project courtesy Big Brain Labs, Big Brain Electron Microscopy Initiative and Humanoido. Propeller by Parallax.
CONFIGURABLE STATE MACHINES
Two Counters per cog (Configurable state machines generate or sense repetitive signals per clock cycle, Measure frequency, detect edges, count cycles, D/A or A/D conversion, and more, Operate autonomously with optional run-time monitoring and adjusting). The System Counter is a global, read-only, 32-bit counter that increments once every System Clock cycle.
PROPELLER COGS
Cogs can read the System Counter (via their CNT registers) to perform timing calculations and can use the WAITCNT command to create effective delays within their processes. The System Counter is a common resource which every cog can read simultaneously. The System Counter is not cleared upon startup since its practical use is for differential timing. If a cog needs to keep track of time from a specific, fixed moment in time, it simply needs to read and save the initial counter value at that moment in time, and compare subsequent counter values against that initial value.
INTRO TO THE SYSTEM COUNTER
The System Counter is a global, read-only, 32-bit counter that increments once every System Clock cycle. Cogs can read the System Counter (via their CNT register) to perform timing calculations and can use the WAITCNT command to create effective delays within their processes. The System Counter is a common resource. Every cog can read it simultaneously. The System Counter is not cleared upon startup since its practical use is for differential timing. If a cog needs to keep track of time from a specific, fixed moment in time, it simply needs to read and save the initial counter value at that moment in time, and compare all of the later counter values against that initial value.
COUNTER MODULES
Each cog has two counter modules: CTRA and CTRB. Each counter module can control or monitor up to two I/O pins and perform conditional 32-bit accumulation of its FRQ register into its PHS register on every clock cycle. Each counter module also has its own phase-locked loop (PLL) which can be used to synthesize frequencies up to 128 MHz. With a little setup or oversight from the cog, a counter can be used for: frequency synthesis, frequency measurement, pulse counting, pulse measurement, multi-pin state measurement, pulse-width modulation, duty-cycle measurement, digital-to-analog conversion, analog-to-digital conversion.
This time yardstick is fully adjustable to a time base determined by the toggling of Pin 1. It's currently set for one millisecond per Pin toggle and can easily go forward or backward in time by adjusting the value of Cycles. This is a nice exampling reference program for use in developing more nano apps and it clearly shows how to use the set time feature.
ABOVE PHOTO is a schematic diagram showing the wiring used to make the projects cited in this posting. The crystal is interchangeable with 5Mhz or 6.25Mhz at X0 and X1. The 24LC254 32K EEPROM will store a program as nonvolatile memory. A Parallax Propeller Plug eliminates the need for wiring in complicated USB interfacing. The entire circuit with the 8-Core Propeller chip runs on 3.3 volts. The build on a solderless breadboard takes only a few minutes. The chip's eight cores are about a US dollar each. The Prop Plug is currently $14.99. The crystal and EEPROM are about $1.50 each.
{
************************************************************************
************************************************************************
*** ***
*** Propeller Time Yardstick ***
*** Toggles Time Base Reference Pin P1 ***
*** ms_yardstick.spin ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** V01.0 ***
*** Humanoido ***
*** ***
*** ***
************************************************************************
}
CON
_clkmode = xtal1 + pll16x ' Declare constants, Feedback/PLL multiplier
_xinfreq = 5_000_000 ' External oscillator 5 MHz Crystal for 80MHz
' 160MIPs, 20MIPs/Cog
PUB Toggle | TimeBase, Cycles
dira[1]~~ ' Set P1 to output
Cycles := clkfreq / 1000 ' Calculate cycles per 1 millisecond*
TimeBase := cnt ' Get current count
repeat ' Loop endlessly
waitcnt(TimeBase += Cycles) ' Wait to start of next millisecond
!outa[1] ' Toggle P1
CNT returns the Current 32-bit System Counter value. The CNT register contains the current value in the global 32-bit System Counter. The System Counter serves as the central time reference for all cogs; it increments its 32-bit value once every System Clock cycle. Upon power-up/reset, the System Counter starts with an arbitrary value and counts upwards from there, incrementing with every System Clock cycle. Since the System Counter is a read-only resource, every cog can read it simultaneously and can use the returned value to synchronize events, count cycles and measure time.
Using CNT
Read CNT to get the current System Counter value. The actual value itself does not matter for any particular purpose, but the difference in successive reads is very important. Most often, the CNT register is used to delay execution for a specific period or to synchronize an event to the start of a window of time. The next examples use the WAITCNT instruction to achieve this.
waitcnt(3_000_000 + cnt) ' Wait for 3 million clock cycles
The above code is an example of a “fixed delay” It delays the cog’s execution for 3 million system clock cycles (about 1⁄4 second when running with the internal fast oscillator). In Spin code, when using CNT inside of a WAITCNT command as shown above, make sure to write the expression in the form “offset + cnt” as opposed to “cnt + offset” and make sure offset is at least 381 to account for Spin Interpreter overhead and avoid unexpectedly long delays. See the WAITCNT command’s Fixed Delays section on page 218 in the Propeller manual for more information. The next is an example of a “synchronized delay.” It notes the current count at one place and performs an action (toggles a pin) every millisecond thereafter with accuracy as good as that of the oscillator driving the Propeller chip.
Here, I/O pin 1 is set to output. Then the local variable Cycles is set equal to the current System Clock frequency divided by 1000; i.e., the number of System Clock cycles per 1 millisecond of time. Next, the local variable TimeBase is set to the current System Counter value. Finally, the last two lines of code repeat endlessly; each time waiting until the start of the next millisecond and then toggling the state of P1.
For more information, see the WAITCNT section’s Fixed Delays on page 218 and Synchronized Delays on page 219 of the Propeller Manual. The CNT register is read-only so in Spin it should not be assigned a value (i.e., should not be to the left of a := or other assignment operator) and when used in Propeller Assembly it should only be accessed as a source (s-field) value (i.e., mov dest, source).
RUNNING MODE & UPDATE PERIOD
For some of these operations, the cog can be set up and left in a free-running mode. For others, it may use WAITCNT to time-align counter reads and writes within a loop, creating the effect of a more complex state machine. Note that for a cog clock frequency of 80 MHz, the counter update period is a mere 12.5 ns. This high speed, combined with 32-bit precision, allows for very dynamic signal generation and measurement.
DESIGN GOAL
The design goal for the counter was to create a simple and flexible subsystem which could perform some repetitive task on every clock cycle, thereby freeing the cog to perform some computationally richer super-task. While the counters have only 32 basic operating modes, there is no limit to how they might be used dynamically through software. Integral to this concept is the use of the WAITPEQ, WAITPNE, and WAITCNT instructions, which can event-align or time-align a cog with its counters. Each counter has three registers...
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Quantum mechanics (QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory) is a branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant. Quantum mechanics departs from classical mechanics primarily at the quantum realm of atomic and subatomic length scales. QM provides a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. In advanced topics of quantum mechanics, some of these behaviors are macroscopic and only emerge at extreme (i.e., very low or very high) energies or temperatures. The name quantum mechanics derives from the observation that some physical quantities can change only in discrete amounts (Latin quanta), and not in a continuous (cf. analog) way. For example, the angular momentum of an electron bound to an atom or molecule is quantized. In the context of quantum mechanics, the wave–particle duality of energy and matter and the uncertainty principle provide a unified view of the behavior of photons, electrons, and other atomic-scale objects. -Wikipedia
THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. An electron microscope (EM) has greater resolving power than a light-powered optical microscope because electrons have wavelengths about 100,000 times shorter than visible light (photons) . They can achieve better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x whereas ordinary, non-confocal light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x.
The electron microscope uses electrostatic and electromagnetic "lenses" to control the electron beam and focus it to form an image. These lenses are analogous to but different from the glass lenses of an optical microscope that form a magnified image by focusing light on or through the specimen. Electron microscopes are used to observe a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, the electron microscope is often used for quality control and failure analysis. For more information, refer to Wikipedia.
Propeller Nano Tool Development
THE NANO WINDOW
Propeller Nano Window Here's the first Nano device for our project and a tool for measuring the smallest units of System clock cycling inside the Propeller chip, using the System Counter and programming in Spin language. The code provides a way to read and view the numerical result of the System Counter CNT register and display a binary result on a series of LED lights attached to pins P0 through P31. The number represented by 32 binary lights: Note, although there are several systems and methods of representing signed integers with a processor, using sign & magnitude or one's complement systems, the range is from -2147483647 to 2147483647. Using a two's complement system, it's -2147483648 to 2147483647.
{
************************************************************************
************************************************************************
*** ***
*** Propeller NANO Window ***
*** Displays Binary Result on LEDs P0-P31 ***
*** nano_window.spin ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** V01.0 ***
*** Humanoido ***
*** ***
*** ***
************************************************************************
}
CON
_clkmode = xtal1 + pll16x ' Declare constants, Feedback/PLL multiplier
_xinfreq = 5_000_000 ' External oscillator 5 MHz Crystal for 80MHz
' 160MIPs, 20MIPs/Cog
VAR ' Variables Declaration
long Time ' Time is the returned variable from cnt
PUB ReadCNT ' Read the system counter public method
Time := cnt ' Read System Counter 32 bit number
DIRA := %11111111111111111111111111111111 ' Direction State -
' Make pins 0-31 outputs
OUTA := Time ' Output State - Send Time variable to A register
' & output
waitpne(0, 0, 0) ' Keep cog alive or spin interpreter will exit
' (or use repeat)
CREATING A NANO PULSAR
GOING BEYOND A PULSAR STAR
Propeller Nano Pulsar Are there stars inside the Propeller chip? We think so. Let's create a simple exampling Nano Pulsar, a tiny machine built up from code and the Counter Module to create incredibly small nano pulses at pin location. Not unlike a periodic Pulsar Star (which can provide a reference millisecond periodic timing base), the Propeller Nano Pulsar is programmed to continually and periodically emit its nanosecond range signal, actually exceeding the range parameters of a Pulsar Star, in this case a repeating 12.6 nano-second wide nano pulse. Programming is in Propeller Spin language.
{
************************************************************************
************************************************************************
*** ***
*** Propeller Nano Pulsar ***
*** Nano Result at Pin ***
*** prop_pulsar.spin ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** V01.0 ***
*** Humanoido ***
*** ***
*** ***
************************************************************************
}
CON
' Declare constants, Feedback/PLL multiplier
_clkmode = xtal1 + pll16x
' External oscillator 5 MHz Crystal for 80MHz
_xinfreq = 5_000_000
' 160MIPs, 20MIPs/Cog PUB Toggle3(Pin)
'Use cog's counter module, toggle at clock speed
dira[Pin]~~ 'Set I/O pin to output
' mode PLL BPIN APIN
ctra := 100_000 << 23 + 1 << 9 + Pin
'Establish mode and APIN (BPIN ignored)
'Set FRQA so PHSA[31] toggles every clock
frqa := $8000_0000
repeat 'infinity loop
This code produces a Pulsar with 12.6-ns wide nano pulses at definitive pin location. The period is only 25.0 nanoseconds.
THE SMALLEST PULSAR
GOING SMALLER with more "Nano-esse"
The machine can be rebuilt for higher resolution with a 6.25Mhz hardware crystal to sub for the 5Mhz crystal, going from 80Mhz clock to 100Mhz and creating a 10-ns wide pulse range with a smaller period of only 20 nanoseconds. This ultra miniscule 10-ns wide "machine" is the smallest created thus far (in terms of pulsating width) within the Propeller chip' TinyCOSMOS. It has a timing is equal to ten billionths of one second.
{
************************************************************************
************************************************************************
*** ***
*** Propeller Nano Pulsar 2 ***
*** Nano Result at Pin ***
*** prop_pulsar2.spin ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** V01.0 ***
*** Humanoido ***
*** ***
*** ***
************************************************************************
}
CON
' Declare constants, Feedback/PLL multiplier
_clkmode = xtal1 + pll16x
' External oscillator 6.25 MHz Crystal for 100MHz
_xinfreq = 6_250_000
' 200MIPs, 25MIPs/Cog PUB Toggle3(Pin)
'Use cog's counter module, toggle at clock speed
dira[Pin]~~ 'Set I/O pin to output
' mode PLL BPIN APIN
ctra := 100_000 << 23 + 1 << 9 + Pin
'Establish mode and APIN (BPIN ignored)
'Set FRQA so PHSA[31] toggles every clock
frqa := $8000_0000
repeat 'infinity loop
DEFINING NANOTIME
Let's introduce the Big Brain's concept of NanoTime for the Propeller chip. While Nano size is well defined within a range of units, the unit range of Nano time is not. Therefore this project will set the range of Nano time within the criteria range (along at least one side of a variable cycle) of one nanosecond to 100 nanoseconds. This is one billionth of a second to 100 billionths of a second. Ten nano-seconds is equal to 1/100th of a microsecond while a hundred nano-seconds is equal to 1/10th microsecond. Generally, nanotechnology works with materials, devices, and other structures with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers.
CONVERTING UNITS
The Mac Dashboard within OSX 10.6.8 is a time quick and easy conversion program with units ranging from nanoseconds to years. It shows the nanotechnology range of 1 to 100 ns is equal to .001 to .1 microsecond and 1E-6 to .0001 millisecond when converted.
NANOSECOND
A nanosecond (ns) is one billionth of a second (10−9 or 1/1,000,000,000 s). A nanosecond is equal to 1000 picoseconds or 1⁄1000 microsecond.
NANOMETER
A nanometer; symbol nm, is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter.
PULSAR
A pulsar (portmanteau of pulsating star) is a highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation. This radiation can only be observed when the beam of emission is pointing towards the Earth, much the way a lighthouse can only be seen when the light is pointed in the direction of an observer, and is responsible for the pulsed appearance of emission. Neutron stars are very dense, and have short, regular rotational periods. This produces a very precise interval between pulses that range from roughly milli-seconds to seconds for an individual pulsar. The precise periods of pulsars makes them useful tools. Observations of a pulsar in a binary neutron star system were used to indirectly confirm the existence of gravitational radiation. The first extrasolar planets were discovered around a pulsar, PSR B1257+12. Certain types of pulsars rival atomic clocks in their accuracy in keeping time. - Wikipedia
LINKS
Molecular Microscopy Initiative
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