Solderless Breadboard Guts

Breadboard polymer form and springs - note how the springs tightly insert into the board's polymer form. In the middle is a pile of springs, each will hold 5 wires in this breadboard version. At bottom is a disassembled power bus. This is one long conductive metal strip of springs.

SOLDERLESS
BREADBOARD GUTS

We took apart a solderless breadboard and removed the guts inside to see how it works. Don't worry, the breadboard was already defective and only the end hole strip where one bus bar was missing. The photos tell all.

The link shows how to measure the extra capacitance on the breadboard. Measuring resistance is more simple - just measure ohms from the two farthest holes.


Pop open a solderless breadboard to see what's under the hood. With some care, the top lifts up while a good number of springs remain stuck to the sticky backing. A wire cable is shown for comparison. Note some of the green faced sticky backing peeled away.

"When building an experiment on a solder-less breadboard, you add the small (stray) capacitor between adjacent rows of connection points to the circuit. This is because the way the solder-less breadboard is built, it has rows of metal connection strips laid side by side (0.1 inch apart) separated by plastic dividers. Because the strips are fairly long and they are in parallel, they have a significant capacitance between them."(1)

"Due to large stray capacitance (from 2-25 pF per contact point), high inductance of some connections and a relatively high and not very reproducible contact resistance, solderless breadboards are limited to operation at relatively low frequencies, usually less than 10 MHz, depending on the nature of the circuit. The relatively high contact resistance can already be a problem for some DC and very low frequency circuits. Solderless breadboards are further limited by their voltage and current ratings."(2)

Showing two decoupling capacitors

The extra capacitance from the layered bus bars may actually contribute more effectively to the Propeller chip's required decoupling capacitance. There are physically four pin layers on the breadboard at decoupling capacitor's position that may yield up to 100 pf. However, the recommended decoupling capacitance for each side of the Propeller DIP chip is 100 nf so decoupling capacitors are still needed. (0.1 uF = 100,000 pF)




SOURCES
(1) http://wiki.analog.com/university/courses/electronics/electronics-lab-breadboard-coupling
(2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard
(3) http://forums.parallax.com/showthread.php/124495-Fill-the-Big-Brain/page62

Travel Inside a Black Hole

TRAVEL INSIDE A BLACK HOLE
This is the first time we've had a telescope powerful enough to travel inside a black hole.* Penetrating a black hole, in between two jets, to explore the space inside is now possible with the new Power Dynamic Telescope with its molecular and adjunctive capabilities engaged.

*"Inside a black hole" needs a definition. It's possible to see up to the event horizon optically but perhaps not deeper. Beyond the EH boundary, it's a mush of compressed space and time particles where the gravitational forces are so great that no light can escape.

So actually to see inside the black hole on the other side of the event horizon must deploy some other means than the direct observation of optical light.

Powerful black holes are strong emitters of x-rays and a radio spectrum telescope analyzer is highly useful.

Optical light observations within the black hole up to the event horizon are very useful. It's also very useful to study compression of space and time near the black hole.

We also define the black hole as the position determined by its jets. Observing between the jet-limits also qualifies as the black hole's domain.

http://humanoidolabs.blogspot.tw/2013/04/black-hole-heart.html

Propeller Nano Pulsar

GMM Microscope image of a Nano Pulsar

PROPELLER CHIP NANO PULSAR
NANO Technology is here for the Propeller chip! Take a look at this Nano Pulsar created from Propeller SPIN code that operates inside a single Parallax Propeller chip!

This Nano Pulsar is a mere 10-ns to one side and represents the fastest machine inside the chip, currently known in the Propeller world!

Propeller aficionados may be aware of some techniques provided by Parallax to enable the programming of registers belonging to a configurable state machine. There are 32 different modes that program the most spectacular machines. There are two counter modules per Cog with eight Cogs to a single chip for a total of sixteen powerful state machines. The Brain has taken just one Propeller Counter Module and configured it to a powerful Nanotechnology 10-ns Machine.

{
      ************************************************************************
      ************************************************************************
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                     Propeller Nano Pulsar 2                      ***
      ***                        Nano Result at Pin                        ***
      ***                        prop_pulsar2.spin                         ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                             V01.0                                ***
      ***                           Humanoido                              ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                                                                  ***  
      ************************************************************************
}
CON
                 ' Declare constants, Feedback/PLL multiplier  
   _clkmode = xtal1 + pll16x 
                 ' External oscillator 6.25 MHz Crystal for 100MHz
   _xinfreq = 6_250_000     
                 ' 200MIPs, 25MIPs/Cog PUB Toggle3(Pin)
                 'Use cog's counter module, toggle at clock speed
dira[Pin]~~      'Set I/O pin to output
                 ' mode PLL BPIN APIN
ctra := 100_000 << 23 + 1 << 9 + Pin
                 'Establish mode and APIN (BPIN ignored)
                 'Set FRQA so PHSA[31] toggles every clock
frqa := $8000_0000
repeat           'infinity loop

City in a Propeller Chip

Houses/streets/trees appear inside the chip

Big Brain City Analogy
MICROSCOPIC CITY IN A PROPELLER CHIP ANALOGY

IT'S THE STRANGEST THING  YOU MAY EVER SEE!!! LOOK WHAT YOU CAN FIND INSIDE A PARALLAX PROPELLER MICROCONTROLLER CHIP!

You can reveal a fascinating world showing a complete city inside a P8X32A-D40 Parallax Propeller chip by using the powerful Microscope from the Microscopy Initiative and some simple "processing" of the chip's substrate.

First, establish one of three methods to reveal the microscopic inner workings of one Parallax Propeller chip.

LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT PROPELLER CITY
To obtain the photo shown of an actual Propeller chip, a fractional section of one COG inside one chip was processed using the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative. An additional effectual  "electronic lens" was applied to increase enlargement and accentuate the city. In some sections of this City, we believe parked cars are just visible. Prior, we believed only the logic components were etched into the substrate with nothing out of the ordinary to see. But this project shows the truth to the old adage that Seeing is believing..."

WHAT IS SEEN
The captured Microscopy image in natural processing color appears to show laid out real estate with rows upon rows of tiny houses, streets and express ways, a business development section, various districts, parked cars and buses, a train, and even green trees, shrubs and landscaping.

Methods of Chip Processing
1) Chemical Acid Bath*
2) Sand off the substrate
3) Data

CHIP PROCESSING
For safety reasons, the Big Brain does not recommend using acid for chip processing. It's more safe, wearing a filter mask, to sand off the substrate and polish the remaining surface, carefully revealing a level of components. The level is then imaged into microscope data and processed with Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative. High resolution data can also be accumulated from sources and analyzed with the Big Brain's Microscope.

SHOCKING RESULTS!
It's rather shocking to open up the chip and discover a Tiny COSMOS world of microscopic and molecular, with appearances of streets and buildings! Come explore this Inner Space of multiple dimensions and fascinating objects within the Big Brain's New Frontier!

SKY INSIDE THE CHIP
Living the life of the P8X32A-D40 Propeller chip, zooming through its rich object filled silicon sky with the myriad motions of molecules, with varying levels of capacitance and inductance. The effervesce effects with elemental particles of Physics is not unlike the twinkling of stars strewn across the Earth's sky.

ON THE GROUND
At "ground level" components with dancing electrons liven up the streets and avenues of circuits. But what are these tiny objects? Possibly we have some things determined... Busy intersections are found with running athletic Cogs and busy transportation of Global Memory Buses, and plots of real estate packed with tall structures of HUB Logic, fields of sprouted RAM, neatly laid out rows of ROM, vast field arrays of mystic proportions and the obviously large affluent homes where COGs live and work. Trillions of electrons have a busy life in Propeller City..

Molecular Microscopy Initiative

Machining

MACHINING INSIDE THE CHIP

The dictionary quotes machining as "An operation that changes the shape, surface finish, or mechanical properties of a material by the application of special tools and equipment. Machining almost always is a process where a cutting tool removes material to effect the desired change in the workpiece. Typically, powered machinery is required to operate the cutting tools." (1)

However, the Big Brain Project introduces a different type of machining, one that formulates the properties of an object inside the chip. Same as mechanical machining, chip interior machining requires special tools and special types of equipment. It does not matter if the form of the tools are changed. It does not matter if the machines doing the machining are changed. Basically, all these forms are changed inside the chip.

(1) http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Machining

Objects Inside the Chip

LITTLE OBJECTS INSIDE THE CHIP
WOW! There are literally these amazing tiny objects inside the chip! No, these are not the software objects you think of in programming with Propeller Spin language but rather are tiny objects to perform tasks much like typical things we think about or use in the everyday world.

Ok, some of the objects represent new technology, like the Tractor Beam. This is one goal with the project - to represent new technology and ideas. Many of these science fact functional objects in the chip, objects such as Transformers and Transporters, may consist of SW, while others like the Nano Telescope and Microscope may exist in combinations of physical hardware and SW. Objects inside the chip don't really have a name as yet, so for now we'll refer to these as simply categorized OICs (pronounced like oy-ks).

This is a project to construct these objects. The first are based on simple arrangements just to develop a functional example. Some OICs involve the new concept of Machining With Software. This is an actual machining method - the processing, shaping and developing an object inside the chip using software.

All of these are either in completed form or represent ongoing development. Some are in their infancy forms. Others are under consideration. They represent the building blocks of a new way of thinking about the inner space inside a Propeller microcontroller chip.

A Typical List of OICs

1. Transporter
2. Transformer
3. Tractor Beam 
4. Matter
5. AntiMatter
6. Nanite
7. Nano Telescope
8. Nano Microscope
9. Time Machine
10. Clock
11. Cloner
12. Invisibility Cloak
13. Neuron
14. Injector
15. Computer Processor
16. Freezer
17. Heater
18. Nano Measurement Ruler
19. Window
20. X-Ray Machine 
21. MIM, Machine in a Machine 
22. Reverber Instrument 
23. Nano Goop 
24. Camera
25. Filter Machine
26. Cartographic Machine 
27. Manipulator Machine
28. Vibrator
29. Radio
30. Thermometer 
31. Negative Space 
32. Positive Space
33. Repeller 
34. Artificial Gravity

Functions of OICs
01 - Instantly move/tranform object/process from one place to another
02 - Machine or process that transforms to another machine or process
03 - A beam to capture, hold, and carry along an object or process
04 - Physical matter or matter represented by other means
05 - The anti component of matter, causes annihilation upon contact
06 - Nanite is a very small machine or process at the nano level
07 - Very tiny telescope to view distant objects or processes in the chip
08 - Designed to view and enlarge nano things
09 - Alter and travel forward and backwards in time
10 - Keeps track of time and timing
11 - Copies and duplicates an object or process
12 - Mask an object or process
13 - A machine Neuron
14 - A machine to inject or distribute neurons
15 - Minimal exampling computer inside the Propeller chip
16 - The Freezer can freeze an operation or object
17 - The Heater can unthaw a frozen object or process
18 - Measures things inside the chips as small as a nano
19 - A viewing portal to see objects and processes
20 - Capable of looking through objects or processes
21 - A machine that functions inside another machine in the chip
22 - Causes object or method or process delay
23 - An object, process, method which is a few nanometers in size
24 - Snapshots various locations inside the chip
25 - Screens out things
26 - Creates maps of inner space domains
27 - Views, structures and modifies bits
28 - Vibrates structure to specified vibration frequencies
29 - Radio like features
30 - Measures temperature inside the chip
31 - Inverse, opposite positive, i.e. charge, number or state 
32 - Opposite of negative space
33 - When like charges repel 
35 - Made with like charge excess to create weight or position

OIC Objects constructed with the first Big Brain
A) Simplex Neuron
B) Cloner
C) Computer Processor
D) Clock
E) Injector
F) MIM Machine in a Machine

Non-OIC Objects constructed outside the chip
A) X-Ray Machine
B) Nano Telescope
C) Window

OIC - Objects Inside the Chip
MWS - Machining With Software

Brain Morpher

BIG BRAIN MORPHER & TRANSFORMING AGENT

The Big Brain is working on the Morpher Project

The Big Brain has completed a small robot brain sibling (Morpher-8) with an eight core brain that can take care of a morphing situation. The software code to do the level of morphing is being tested and the servos are being attached. Brain Morpher uses SPIN programming language and runs autonomously by automatically shifting levels. This opens up new levels of robotic control for the Big Brain.

Discussion includes various ways to morph and transform and how a Big Brain can best serve this purpose with many I/Os and resources. The first Brain Morpher is using hardware to accomplish its goals. But the next Brain Morpher is very different, living inside the machine and changing its shape, form, and constituent elements. Machine Inside the Machine (MIM) technology was developed by the Big Brain and is a spectacular concept.