Mirror Convexure Infinity

REACHING MIRROR INFINITUDE OF CONVEXURE

THE NEVER ENDING FASCINATING INFINITE REFLECTION

For over a hundred years, man has pondered the puzzling mirror condition of infinite reflections.

The Big Brain specifies reaching infinity through the use of various mirrors. Previously, Plano mirrors were used for this experiment, exhibiting the infinity of seemingly endless reflections. This time, the choice of mirrors include two convex mirrors. These are questions surrounding this experiment:

1) Is infinity reflection state achieved?
2) Is infinity reached faster or slower with convex mirrors compared to plano mirrors?
3) How is the speed of infinity defined?

To answer these questions, one must consider two models. One is purely mathematical and theoretical and the other is the real world actual experiment. For our purposes, both are important. First, the obviates of this experiment include the tiny minute offset of the mirror positions that result in the image shifting position as it continues towards an infinite state. This upsets the infinity purity.

The limit of count (black rings) is eight reflections with two convex mirrors

The second real world factor is the the light reflected by a number images become dimmer and dimmer, thus limiting the actual number of reflections. Contrast also becomes less and less. Resolution degrades. In the case of the convex mirror images, the images become smaller and smaller until finally they merge with the finite microscopic silver grains and the compositional material of the mirrors. The smallness of this effect can be negated by telescope and then followed by a microscope, to make the tiny images larger. However, this has limits, unlike the infinity being sought. We therefore postulate in the real world, one must determine the number of visible reflections en-route towards infinity, where infinity is considered condition that is actually never reached with mirrors in the real world. Reaching infinity means the reflections will continue on and on without stopping. But, are there other types of mirrors in the Universe of the macro or the microscopic and the quantum realities that surround us?

Numbered reflections

SETUP
The cost of this experiment is 60 cents. Two plastic quality convex chrome "mini blind spot" mirrors were obtained from Wenzhoushi Senhu Locks, part number #SF-011. One mirror is placed on the table. Next to the mirror is a box. A piece of tape is applied to the top of a second mirror and the mirror is connected to the box, parallel to the base mirror, and are concentrically adjusted. The infinity of reflections are observed and recorded.

LINKS
Mirror - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror
A beam of light reflects off a mirror at an angle of reflection equal to its angle of .... mirrors placed exactly face to face can give an infinite regress of reflections.

Look into Infinity: Reflection & Light Science Project | Exploratorium ...
www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/look_into_infinity/index.html
Look Into Infinity. Images of images of images can repeat forever. If you have ever been between two mirrors that face each other, such as in a barber shop or a ...

Infinity is weird… even in infinity mirrors! | Skulls in the Stars
skullsinthestars.com/.../infinity-is-weird-even-in-infinity-mirr...
30 Jul 2011 – I was recently looking into the optics of a so-called “infinity mirror”, ... be produced by the reflection of the first image in the mirror behind him: ...

Why do Parallel Mirrors produce infinite mirrors?
www.physicsforums.com › ... › Introductory Physics
6 posts - 4 authors - 2 Oct 2009
Why do Parallel Mirrors produce infinite mirrors? Introductory Physics ... From where shall I start? Do you know the laws of reflection?

Reflecting Infinite Reflections
reflectinginfinitereflections.blogspot.com/ 18 Aug 2007 – Simply ... its a collection of pictures taken with digital cameras (mostly, I think) and mirrors .. to .... guess what ... generate Infinite Reflections.

Shooting Challenge: Infinite Loop
gizmodo.com/5809926/shooting-challenge-infinite-loop - Cached8 Jun 2011 – Though, technically, you should know that mirrors won't create infinite reflections - they're actually countable. It's a bit of a sidebar, but I found ...

MGT Molecular Genius Telescope

Big Brain’s New Paradigmic Molecular Genius Telescope MGT
The New MGT Molecular Genius Telescope
The union of the MAC Molecular Amp Cascader, borrowed technology from the GMM Genius Molecular Microscope, and now reworked for pipe fitting atop the PGT Telescope, introduces the all new telescope - the MGT Molecular Genius Telescope.

-- the MGT Telescope is the most powerful telescope ever created by the Big Brain Space program ---

 You’ve obviously enjoyed seeing the spectacular views taken through the new massive PGT telescope. This telescope has bridged across billions of light light years towards the edge of the Universe. One behind the scenes technique machine used to increase the gains returned from the PGT is the Molecular Stage Cascader MSC. The Molecular Cascader, also referred to as the Microscopy Amplifier Cascader when on the GMM Microscope, is a machine device used on the GMM Microscope to apply cascading stages of amplification (AMP) which results in dramatic and vast increases of power (MAG), (GAIN) and (IM) image scale. THE PGT Telescope is now born, expanded to include the GMM's (Genius Molecular Microscope) Molecular Stage Cascader MSC to (AMP) and zoom in highly detailed portions of a wide FOV Cosmic View. This rides atop the telescopic ocularic section for input amplification and permits highly detailed magnified power enlargement of selected areas much like the results obtained from refinement stages within the GMM.

-- The MGT Telescope is the largest of its type in the world and known space --

For more information about the GMM Microscope, the Microscopy Amplifier Cascader, and the operational diagram details, refer to:
http://humanoidolabs.blogspot.tw/2012/10/gmm-genius-molecular-microscope-diagram.html

M42 PGT Paradigmic Genius Telescope

BIG BRAIN SUPERCOMPUTER
PGT PARADIGMIC GENIUS TELESCOPE VIEWS M42

MONDAY OCTOBER 15TH 2012 - STUNNING VIEWS! were obtained using the Big Brain's PGT Super Telescope. Observations were completed on Monday, driven with a new portal window designed to show a wider view FOV (thanks to the experimental FR) with more visible detail and less cluttering of telescope controls.

M42 is the birthplace of stars and shows a wealth of detail in expanding hydrogen dust and filamentary detail. Glowing nebulosity is lit up by nearby and embedded stars. The PGT is an experimental telescope that's performing beyond all expectations.

The successful new portal version is functional though still under construction - it appears it will be chosen for primary use. This is the second image captured with the PGT. The previous observation did focusing on a Black Hole at the center of galaxy with a massive Event Horizon and a Relativistic Space Time Jet.


EXPANSION
One possible future expansion of the PGT may include the GMM's (Genius Molecular Microscope) Stage Cascader to zoom in to highly detailed portions of a wide FOV Cosmic View. This will ride atop the ocularic section for amplification and permit highly detailed magnified enlargement of selected areas much like results obtained from refinement stages within the GMM.

THE EXPERIMENT
It will be an exciting experiment to attach the Molecular Cascader atop the PGT Telescope and view the results. If permanently used, it could usher in a new age of telescope. One proposal is Molecular PGT or MPGT for Molecular Paradigmic Genius Telescope. This may be shortened to MGT Molecular Genius Telescope.

Molecular Stage Cascader

Build a Molecular Stage Cascader for the PGT Telescope

GMM's MAC

Work has proceeded behind the scenes to remove the GMM (Genius Molecular Microscope) Microscope’s "Microscopy Amplifier Cascader MAC" and rework it to construct and establish a new "MSC Molecular Stage Cascader" with the intention of fitting it onto the massive PGT Telescope to see what gains result.

-- It's like attaching a microscope to a telescope and attaining useful increases of MAG. --

First, the MAC is sectioned off from the GMM and then adapted to pipe fittings of the PGT. Keep in mind, these are data pipes of a different kind involving the handling and dissemination of data though electronics and electro optics. There’s an estimated 14 fields of technology wrapped into the PGT Telescope. Taking the MAC and converting it to the MSC for use with the PGT could result in all new technology and potential discoveries. It’s a chance the Big Brain is willing to take, with the investment of time, energy and thought power to make this new machine happen.

The first test will obtain a baseline data set and create a specific strip FOV and engage the MSC on a selected regio. We will leave the MSC running in the AMP Cascading mode for fourteen cycles and then create a comparison pool noting the gains. The interest is in the number of cascations possible without the result of empty MAG. Some peak number will result from which the machine will tune.

GMM Genius Molecular Microscope Diagram

BIG BRAIN MICROSCOPY INITIATIVE
GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE
GMM OPERATIONS GRAPHIC

Graphic showing operation of the GMM Genius Molecular Microscope

Operational Elements of the Genius Molecular Microscope

This is a list of GMM Microscope parts and functions

0A - Big Brain Supercomputer
0C - Microscope Amplifier Cascader
01 - Specimen Preparatory Unit
02 - Hot Pre Processor
03 - Baseline Detector
04 - Focus
05 - POS XY-Z
06 - Baseline Attenuator
07 - Stepping Processor
08 - 724 Processor Stage
09 - Software
10 - Stage Calculator
11 - MAG on Top Unit
12 - VW
13 - Data Optionator
14 - Post Processor
15 - Post Processor Features

• Capture Processor
• MAG Adjuster
• Intensifier
• Definitionizor
• Antinoiser
• Exponentiator
• Booster
• Sharp Attenuator
• Matter
• Broad Highlighter
• Shadow Amp
• Levelizer
• Saturizer
• Vignetter
• Hot-Cold Equalizer
• Exposer
• Contrasting Set
• Straightener
• Enlarger

Definitions and Descriptions of Parts & Features

0A - Big Brain Supercomputer  The Big Brain Supercomputer is the driving force behind the DMM with hundreds of computer processors that do microscopy processing in real time.

0C - Microscope Amplifier Cascader  The Microscope Amplifier Cascader is the next most important part of the microscope. It provides a cascading stage which produces the secondary phase of specimen amplification. This is determined, i.e. based on multiples of two, the end result of magnification can reach above one million. In Cascation, for example, a 100X PPD is amplified electronically by repeating indicated multiples of two, from which the exponentiation can reach a count typically between 10 and 20. This creates viewing results of 100x2^10 - 100x2^20 X' where X' is the Resultant. The GMM can amplify the subject hundreds, thousands and millions of times. To achieve this high level, multiple programming is required in levels. Typical Resultants can produce image magnifications from 10,240 to above one million (10,485,760 for example). The Resultant is prepared for the VW and the settings parameters are recorded. 

01 - Specimen Preparatory Unit  The Specimen Preparatory Unit is the method, means, device, and/or process that prepares the specimen for viewing.

02 - Hot Pre Processor  The Hot Pre Processor is the device to establish the baseline reference for processing. It's very important to obtain the highest quality baseline reference or the final magnification will be limited.

03 - Baseline Detector  The Baseline Detector establishes the injection of data or no data to the GMM. If data is available, the process can carry on. If data is no available, then it must be produced. Generally a 100X baseline is established.

04 - Focus  Focus Stage is set during the acquisition of specimen data to ensure the best point at which the light rays converge.

05 - POS XY-Z  This is the positioning stage for moving the specimen in the X and Y directions. The Z direction is the effectual movement of the specimen in the up/down plane. The GMM uses Effectual-Z to achieve up/down positioning. Effectual-Z is realized by the size increase (up) or size decrease (down) parameters.


06 - Baseline Attenuator  The Baseline Attenuator sets and establishes the baseline as dependent on the data

07 - Stepping Processor  A processor that steps through stages, each stage progressively builds upon the previous stage

08 - 724 Processor Stage  The 724 Processor Stage takes into account the number of processors dedicated to the processing aspects of the GMM.


09 - Software  Software represents the programs in the various stages that operate inside the Big Brain supercomputer when executing microscopy processing.


10 - Stage Calculator  The Stage Calculator determines the number of stages and then determines the exponential of twos with a given base 10 or base 100, then concludes the MAG

11 - MAG on Top Unit  The MAG on Top Unit is a finalization magnification place on the top of the sum total of magnification stages. For example, if the sum total MAG is one million, and the MTU is 5X, the total MAG will calculate as five million.

12 - VW  VW is the viewing window. It shows the various MAG stage levels and the final MAG result.

13 - Data Optionator  The Data Optionator comes into operation at the beginning of the microscopy cycle and determines the type of data to be input into the GMM. It provides the option to select the type of data and the type of pre processing.

14 - Post Processor  The Post Processor finalizes processing towards the end of the GMM procedures. The Post Processor is an Optimizer.


15 - Post Processor Features  Applies a number of post processing algorithms to the various or final stage(s)

• Capture Processor  The Capture processor encompasses special software to obtain and save data processing results at any position along the stage processing.
• MAG Adjuster  Sets/determines mag level for any given stage
  
• Intensifier  Increases image intensification
  
• Definitionizor  Increases image definition
  
• Antinoiser  Machine to reduce and eliminate stage noise
  
• Exponentiator  determine/set image exponents for a given MAG
  
• Booster  Boosts the data automatically
  
• Sharp Attenuator  Attenuates the sharpness of the stage
  
• Matter  Material which is level processed
  
• Broad Highlighter  Amplifier which attenuates a higher baseline
  
• Shadow Amp  Amplifier which attenuates the lower baseline
  
• Levelizer  Device adjusts levels of object
  
• Saturizer  Applies greater saturation to spectral
  
• Vignetter  Introduces vignetting to obfuscate peripheral data
  
• Hot-Cold Equalizer  Purely sets object temperature
  
• Exposer  Exposer modifies to a greater or less IE
  
• Contrasting Set  Imposes an increase or reduction of gamma
• Straightener  Takes data in the train & applies straightening
  
• Enlarger  The Enlarger increases the MAG of the stage

RELATED MICROSCOPY LINKS
The Science of Powerful Microscopes 
Genius Molecular Microscope GMM
City in a Propeller Chip
Propeller Chip Nanotechnology
Molecular Microscopy Initiative
GMM Genius Molecular Microscope Operations Graphic

Powerful Microscopes

THE SCIENCE OF POWERFUL MICROSCOPES

ELB @ Elect Lens Boost

GMM - Humanoido Labs

GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE

The Genius Molecular Microscope (GMM) was invented in September

of 2012 by the Big Brain Molecular Microscopy Initiative at Humanoido Labs and works by the cascation of processing data amplification to reach field magnification levels exceeding one million times. GMM is designed as an easy to use and inexpensive way to view molecular structures, to work with and design micro machines and objects within the chip, and to explore the effectual results of the nanoscopic and nanotechnology developments.

http://humanoidolabs.blogspot.tw/2012/09/genius-molecular-microscope-gmm.html

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
The electron microscope, first developed by German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll in the 1930s, uses a particle beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and create a highly magnified image. Electron microscopes yield much greater resolution than the older light microscopes; they can obtain magnifications of up to 1 million times, while the best light microscopes can magnify an image only about 1,500 times. An electron microscope can range from US$90,000.00 to half a million dollars.

THE SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is among a number of instruments that allows scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules. It was invented by Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer in 1986. The idea of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy STM comes from the “topografiner” developed in the early 1970’s (Young et al., 1972), that included most of the elements of an STM but can only operate with a larger tip-to surface gap (>1 nm, at which distance electron transport occurs via field emission). Deficiencies in both the mechanical and electrical systems at 1970’s limited the resolution to a few nanometers vertically and ~0.5 μm laterally. These problems were overcome ten years later by Binnig and Rohrer at the IBM Rüschlikon laboratory. They succeeded in creating an instrument with stable vacuum tunneling and precision scanning capabilities – the conditions required for atomic resolution imaging. STM has revolutionized the study of surfaces and is rapidly becoming a required tool in almost every surface characterization laboratory. In addition, it has led to the development of a host of related techniques, collectively known as scanning probe microscopy (SPM).

http://conf.ncku.edu.tw/research/articles/e/20080606/5.html

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE
Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) gather information by "feeling" the surface with a mechanical probe. Gerd Binig, along with Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber, developed the first AFM in 1986. Product Example: The package include the technical integration of an AFM into an imaging ellipsometern of the nanofilm_ep3 series. Take advantage of the convenience of imaging ellipsometry to visualize thin films and surface structures, and then zoom into nanometer details with Scanning Probe Microscopy on the same spot! The integration is done by an intelligent sample handling, integrating complementary data from two independent methods without the need for laborious sample positioning. The technical integration of a Scanning Probe microscope enables the user to: * measure the same field of view with imaging ellipsometer and scanning probe microscope * observe nano-steps in the live contrast-image of the ellipsometer, draw your region of interest around the nano-steps, and record surface film thickness, profiles/maps with nanofilm_ep3 (large field of view, quick) or by the AFM (submicron lateral resolution, slow ~ 3 min for an 80 µm by 80 µm scan) * map thickness and optical properties (refractive index/extintion) and 3D-profile/surface-roughness at the same sopt on a sample within minutes, due to software-controlled sample transport between imaging ellipsometer and Atomic force microscope with smaller than 20 µm accuracy and 2 µm repeatability

http://www.directindustry.com/prod/accurion-gmbh/atomic-force-microscopes-afm-71503-606558.html

LINKS
http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/seeing-nano

Genius Molecular Microscope GMM

BIG BRAIN MICROSCOPY
GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE GMM
Big Brain invents the GMM - Genius Molecular Microscope. The GMM is designed to substitute, supplement or permanently replace the Electron Microscope.
Creating GMM science was necessary to provide tools for the Nano Technology Program and development of Objects Inside the Chip. The GMM is the result of the Big Brain Microscopy Initiative.

OVERVIEW - GMM GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE
The Genius Molecular Microscope was invented in September of 2012 by the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative at Humanoido Labs and works by the cascation of processing data amplification to reach magnification levels exceeding one million times. GMM is designed as an easy to use and inexpensive way to view molecular structures, to work with and design machines within the chip, and to explore the effectual results of the nanoscopic world.

FEATURES
Features of the GMM include black & white imaging for the first version, color for the 2nd version. The Genius Molecular Microscope now includes features with a choice of color or B&W, a MAG Level Cascader to analytically achieve incremental amplification stages, ability to position the scrutiny subject in XYZ planes, and ability to magnify the subject a total of 1,638,400 times. (not all levels are shown in the photos) GMM has tools, Ride on Top Lensing, and can also provide presentation of multiple incrementally magnifying results in the same GMM VW view window.

MicroIMM image at molecular BW level

GETTING STARTED
By the time the Big Brain began the Microscopy initiative, we knew it was about creating a new technology machine to view microscopic particles, Nano Machines and elements, and larger molecular matter, with thousands to millions of times amplification of imagery, and would entail a revolutionary new machine, perhaps one without parts or one like the GT or PGT Paradigmic Genuis Telescope. The PGT was not born overnight, as it was based on several other machines, the ULT Ultra Large Telescope, NULT New Ultra Large Telescope and GT Genius Telescope. Likewise, the GMM is based on the first microscope made in the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative and previous projects. This is referred to as the first Microscopy Initiative Microscope or simply MicroIM.

The 1st Big Brain Analog Microscope

HISTORICAL
Back when our human brain was at a lower level, we thought the introduction of microscopes was indicated by a physical instrument. Indeed, the first Big Brain Lab Microscope for working with surface mount technology was created by an adaptive SONY imaging camera and a lensing system taking it to view and photograph with results of hundreds of times magnification.

TIME PERIOD
We divide time into two special ranges; one of BE and one of AE. The magnitude of projects in the range of BE are good and innovative, of course, but the projects in the range of AE are simply revolutionary and often times beyond comprehension to some reviewers and almost always classified as AIT or Ahead of Its Time.

HOW DOES IT WORK
The GMM Genius Molecular Microscope is an electronic microscope unlike the Electron Microscope EM in that it does not have the same physical constructs. Yet it has many powerful features rivaling EM results. Many areas of the GMM functions without physical parts. It requires a very specific type of data for special processing. The subject is often transformed into pre-prepared-data (PPD). The GMM input is PPD. Processing takes place with the Big Brain Supercomputer. The action, by the GMM on the PPD is one of Cascation. In Cascation, for example, a 100X PPD is amplified electronically by repeating indicated multiples of two, from which the exponentiation can reach a count typically between 10 and 20. This creates viewing results of 100x2^10 - 100x2^20 X' where X' is the Resultant. The GMM can amplify the subject hundreds, thousands and millions of times. To achieve this high level, multiple programming is required in levels. Typical Resultants can produce image magnifications from 10,240 to above one million (10,485,760 for example). The Resultant is prepared for the VW and the settings parameters are recorded.

Propeller ELB Lens Booster

ELECTRONIC LENS BOOSTER
A special optional lensing parameter can be applied to any Resultant. The Electronic Lens will image the central portion of a Resultant causing a magnification boost. The Booster software comes from an extracted parasitic function of GIMP 2.8.3 under the GNU General Public License. In the above results, the ELB was not applied. ELB works well with large FOV. The ELB photo shown here is amplifying the central portion of one portion of a Propeller Cog inside the chip.

CAVEATS
The system caveat lies in the PPD data. Data points must have the highest micrometric values within and not to exceed the limit imposed by the imaging exponentiation attainment. Further, when using the GMM, do not exceed the micrometric pixelar resolutions constrained by PPDs. This can be calculated by knowing the specifications of the PPD processes and the subject's micrometric dimensions.

Typical ranges work from a base and can be quickly amplified by the Doubler. Double technology is fast and efficient. If engaged ten times on a 200X baseline, the resultant is
200x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2= 204,800X
and with a 20 times Doubler
204,800x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2= 209,715,200X
A too large Doublation will result in empty magnification thus exceeding the limits.

MICROSCOPY INITIATIVE &
GENIUS MOLECULAR MICROSCOPE
DEFINITIONS

BBMI - Big Brain Microscopy Initiative
GMM - Genius Molecular Microscope
MAG - Magnification
MicroIM - First Microscopy Initiative Microscope
BE - Time period before brain enhancement
AE - Time period after brain enhancement
PGT - Paradigmic Genius Telescope
GT - Genius Telescope
ULT - Utra Large Telescope
NULT - New Ultra Large Telescope
GMM VW - Genius Molecular Microscope View Window
RIDE ON TOP LENSING - Post Supplemental electronic magnifier
POST LENSING - MAG added after the scrutiny subject is magnified
MAG - Magnification
ROTL - Ride on top electronic lens
AIT - Ahead of its time
PPD - Pre prepared data for the GMM
CASCATION - the action of GMM in working with PPD
SCRUTINY SUBJECT - Object viewed with GMM
EM - Electron Microscope
RESULTANT - Final GMM mag
PIXELAR - Breadth dimensional of one pixel
MICROMETRIC - Microscopic dimensions or elemental number
ELB - Electronic lens booster to amplify resultant
FOV - Field of view
VW - View Window
PIXELAR - Attainment of pixel dimensional qualities 
DOUBLER - Doubles the image by a number of cascaded X

According to Wikipedia, an electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. An electron microscope (EM) has greater resolving power than a light-powered optical microscope because electrons have wavelengths about 100,000 times shorter than visible light (photons) . They can achieve better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x whereas ordinary, non-confocal light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x. The electron microscope uses electrostatic and electromagnetic "lenses" to control the electron beam and focus it to form an image. These lenses are analogous to but different from the glass lenses of an optical microscope that form a magnified image by focusing light on or through the specimen. Electron microscopes are used to observe a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, the electron microscope is often used for quality control and failure analysis.

LINKS
Molecular Microscopy Initiative 
City in a Propeller Chip
Propeller Chip Nano Technology
Inner Space Program
Machining Inside the Chip
Objects Inside the Chip
Propeller Tractor Beam
(Historical) Build Your Own SMD Microscope

City in a Propeller Chip

Houses/streets/trees appear inside the chip

Big Brain City Analogy
MICROSCOPIC CITY IN A PROPELLER CHIP ANALOGY

IT'S THE STRANGEST THING  YOU MAY EVER SEE!!! LOOK WHAT YOU CAN FIND INSIDE A PARALLAX PROPELLER MICROCONTROLLER CHIP!

You can reveal a fascinating world showing a complete city inside a P8X32A-D40 Parallax Propeller chip by using the powerful Microscope from the Microscopy Initiative and some simple "processing" of the chip's substrate.

First, establish one of three methods to reveal the microscopic inner workings of one Parallax Propeller chip.

LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT PROPELLER CITY
To obtain the photo shown of an actual Propeller chip, a fractional section of one COG inside one chip was processed using the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative. An additional effectual  "electronic lens" was applied to increase enlargement and accentuate the city. In some sections of this City, we believe parked cars are just visible. Prior, we believed only the logic components were etched into the substrate with nothing out of the ordinary to see. But this project shows the truth to the old adage that Seeing is believing..."

WHAT IS SEEN
The captured Microscopy image in natural processing color appears to show laid out real estate with rows upon rows of tiny houses, streets and express ways, a business development section, various districts, parked cars and buses, a train, and even green trees, shrubs and landscaping.

Methods of Chip Processing
1) Chemical Acid Bath*
2) Sand off the substrate
3) Data

CHIP PROCESSING
For safety reasons, the Big Brain does not recommend using acid for chip processing. It's more safe, wearing a filter mask, to sand off the substrate and polish the remaining surface, carefully revealing a level of components. The level is then imaged into microscope data and processed with Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative. High resolution data can also be accumulated from sources and analyzed with the Big Brain's Microscope.

SHOCKING RESULTS!
It's rather shocking to open up the chip and discover a Tiny COSMOS world of microscopic and molecular, with appearances of streets and buildings! Come explore this Inner Space of multiple dimensions and fascinating objects within the Big Brain's New Frontier!

SKY INSIDE THE CHIP
Living the life of the P8X32A-D40 Propeller chip, zooming through its rich object filled silicon sky with the myriad motions of molecules, with varying levels of capacitance and inductance. The effervesce effects with elemental particles of Physics is not unlike the twinkling of stars strewn across the Earth's sky.

ON THE GROUND
At "ground level" components with dancing electrons liven up the streets and avenues of circuits. But what are these tiny objects? Possibly we have some things determined... Busy intersections are found with running athletic Cogs and busy transportation of Global Memory Buses, and plots of real estate packed with tall structures of HUB Logic, fields of sprouted RAM, neatly laid out rows of ROM, vast field arrays of mystic proportions and the obviously large affluent homes where COGs live and work. Trillions of electrons have a busy life in Propeller City..

Molecular Microscopy Initiative

Propeller Chip Nanotechnology

BIG BRAIN Propeller Chip Nanotechnology
PROPELLER CHIP NANOTECHNOLOGY
Welcome to the development of hobby nanotechnology machines inside the Propeller chip!

Parallax Propeller

Inside the chip: Parallax Propeller magnified thousands of times

ABOVE: Step by step with increasing magnification, we examine the P8X832A Propeller chip during the Big Brain's Microscopy Initiative. The final result is shown in one of the photos below (Clumping Molecules of Molecular States Inside a Big Brain Propeller Chip).

Keeping in step with the development of small objects inside the chip, a natural progression moves toward the development of nanotechnology and nano devices.

According to Wikipedia, "Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology works with materials, devices, and other structures with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. Quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale. With a variety of potential applications, nanotechnology is a key technology for the future and governments have invested billions of dollars in its research. Through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars. The European Union has invested 1.2 billion and Japan 750 million dollars."

BIG BRAIN NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE 
In this installment, the Big Brain will develop the first three PropNanos - two tiny Propeller Pulsars, not unlike powerful Pulsar Stars visible in the Universe (at least in the thought of an extremely fast exampling pulsating periodic timing base) and it will also develop the Propeller Nano Window, an instrument capable of looking at the system and observing timing within the miniscule range of Nanotechnology and nano-timing.  (see Propeller Nano Window, Propeller Nano Pulsar and Propeller Nano Pulsar 2)

ABOVE - Beginning at top left, deep inside the Propeller chip, a small section of one Cog RISC processor is progressively enlarged thousands of times, moving towards the molecular level. Big Brain Microscopy Project.


BIG BRAIN PROPELLER MICROSCOPY INITIATIVE
The Big Brain Project has started a Microscopy Initiative to increase the resolution and results of visual optical imaging inside of a Propeller chip, to supplement the study and creation of interior Propeller Nano Technology and objects within the chip. The initiative has built the closest machine to an Electron Microscope, without the complexity, expense or hazards. The Propeller Microscopy Machine PMM is safe and easy to use, and operates on the same concept as the PGT Telescope. The inside of the Propeller chip is creatively viewed as a TinyCosmos containing many objects. Powerful Microscopy with the PMM can put the size of objects into perspective and amplify elements many thousands of times for study. Knowing the map layout of objects inside the Propeller and their juxtaposition relative to other objects will serve to better understand the transient field elements of relative inductance, impedance, capacitance, thermodynamics and numerous physical field parameters.

PROPELLER NANOTECHNOLOGY RANGE
Keep in mind that Nanotechnology encompasses not only the range of small in units of length but that along the dimension of time as time approaches the infinitesimally small until that of the Quantum world begins to emerge. We will begin with the development of time-based nano machines so that we have "measuring yardsticks" from which to continue the construction of more nano sized machines.

UNDERSTANDING THE PROPELLER
To develop Propeller Nanotechnology and the first specialized and smallest PropNano, we need to better understand a number of processor elements inside the Parallax Propeller chip. Many people agree the Propeller is a very innovative microprocessor chip and Parallax owner and designer Chip Gracey did not hold back on its new state of the art design innovation and built in features. This 32-bit 8-core chip is enriched with elements, such as Generators, Counters, VCOs, PLLs, RC Clocks, Registers, and internal components ideal for our projects like sensing Substrate Pin Diodes for example. For review of designs, ideas, internal elements, materials, techniques, and some theory, let's start by looking at important points offered by Parallax.

Powerful microscopes reach molecular levels

LEFT: CLUMPING MOLECULES OF MOLECULAR STATES INSIDE A BIG BRAIN PROPELLER CHIP

Powerful Electron Microscopes reveal objects at the upper end of the molecular level. This image, made with the PMM Propeller Microscopy Machine, shows the inside of a Parallax Propeller chip amplified thousands of times. This result is from using a simple and inexpensive technique developed by the Big Brain Electron Microscopy Initiative. To qualify as a nano object by generalized definition, the object size may range between 1 and 100 nanometers on at least one side. Thus, approaching such small sizes (and exceeding) may lead to the study of Quantum effects. Project courtesy Big Brain Labs, Big Brain Electron Microscopy Initiative and Humanoido. Propeller by Parallax.

CONFIGURABLE STATE MACHINES
Two Counters per cog (Configurable state machines generate or sense repetitive signals per clock cycle, Measure frequency, detect edges, count cycles, D/A or A/D conversion, and more, Operate autonomously with optional run-time monitoring and adjusting). The System Counter is a global, read-only, 32-bit counter that increments once every System Clock cycle.

PROPELLER COGS
Cogs can read the System Counter (via their CNT registers) to perform timing calculations and can use the WAITCNT command to create effective delays within their processes. The System Counter is a common resource which every cog can read simultaneously. The System Counter is not cleared upon startup since its practical use is for differential timing. If a cog needs to keep track of time from a specific, fixed moment in time, it simply needs to read and save the initial counter value at that moment in time, and compare subsequent counter values against that initial value.

INTRO TO THE SYSTEM COUNTER
The System Counter is a global, read-only, 32-bit counter that increments once every System Clock cycle. Cogs can read the System Counter (via their CNT register) to perform timing calculations and can use the WAITCNT command to create effective delays within their processes. The System Counter is a common resource. Every cog can read it simultaneously. The System Counter is not cleared upon startup since its practical use is for differential timing. If a cog needs to keep track of time from a specific, fixed moment in time, it simply needs to read and save the initial counter value at that moment in time, and compare all of the later counter values against that initial value.

COUNTER MODULES
Each cog has two counter modules: CTRA and CTRB. Each counter module can control or monitor up to two I/O pins and perform conditional 32-bit accumulation of its FRQ register into its PHS register on every clock cycle. Each counter module also has its own phase-locked loop (PLL) which can be used to synthesize frequencies up to 128 MHz. With a little setup or oversight from the cog, a counter can be used for: frequency synthesis, frequency measurement, pulse counting, pulse measurement, multi-pin state measurement, pulse-width modulation, duty-cycle measurement, digital-to-analog conversion, analog-to-digital conversion.

BUILD A TIME YARDSTICK
This time yardstick is fully adjustable to a time base determined by the toggling of Pin 1. It's currently set for one millisecond per Pin toggle and can easily go forward or backward in time by adjusting the value of Cycles. This is a nice exampling reference program for use in developing more nano apps and it clearly shows how to use the set time feature.

ABOVE PHOTO is a schematic diagram showing the wiring used to make the projects cited in this posting. The crystal is interchangeable with 5Mhz or 6.25Mhz at X0 and X1. The 24LC254 32K EEPROM will store a program as nonvolatile memory. A Parallax Propeller Plug eliminates the need for wiring in complicated USB interfacing. The entire circuit with the 8-Core Propeller chip runs on 3.3 volts. The build on a solderless breadboard takes only a few minutes. The chip's eight cores are about a US dollar each. The Prop Plug is currently $14.99. The crystal and EEPROM are about $1.50 each.


{
      ************************************************************************
      ************************************************************************
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                    Propeller Time Yardstick                      ***
      ***                Toggles Time Base Reference Pin P1                ***
      ***                        ms_yardstick.spin                         ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                             V01.0                                ***
      ***                           Humanoido                              ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                                                                  ***  
      ************************************************************************
}
 CON    
  _clkmode = xtal1 + pll16x     ' Declare constants, Feedback/PLL multiplier   
  _xinfreq = 5_000_000          ' External oscillator 5 MHz Crystal for 80MHz
                                ' 160MIPs, 20MIPs/Cog
PUB Toggle | TimeBase, Cycles
  dira[1]~~                     ' Set P1 to output
  Cycles := clkfreq / 1000      ' Calculate cycles per 1 millisecond*
  TimeBase := cnt               ' Get current count
  repeat                        ' Loop endlessly
    waitcnt(TimeBase += Cycles) ' Wait to start of next millisecond
    !outa[1]                    ' Toggle P1

CNT returns the Current 32-bit System Counter value. The CNT register contains the current value in the global 32-bit System Counter. The System Counter serves as the central time reference for all cogs; it increments its 32-bit value once every System Clock cycle. Upon power-up/reset, the System Counter starts with an arbitrary value and counts upwards from there, incrementing with every System Clock cycle. Since the System Counter is a read-only resource, every cog can read it simultaneously and can use the returned value to synchronize events, count cycles and measure time.

Using CNT
Read CNT to get the current System Counter value. The actual value itself does not matter for any particular purpose, but the difference in successive reads is very important. Most often, the CNT register is used to delay execution for a specific period or to synchronize an event to the start of a window of time. The next examples use the WAITCNT instruction to achieve this.

waitcnt(3_000_000 + cnt)    ' Wait for 3 million clock cycles

The above code is an example of a “fixed delay” It delays the cog’s execution for 3 million system clock cycles (about 1⁄4 second when running with the internal fast oscillator). In Spin code, when using CNT inside of a WAITCNT command as shown above, make sure to write the expression in the form “offset + cnt” as opposed to “cnt + offset” and make sure offset is at least 381 to account for Spin Interpreter overhead and avoid unexpectedly long delays. See the WAITCNT command’s Fixed Delays section on page 218 in the Propeller manual for more information. The next is an example of a “synchronized delay.” It notes the current count at one place and performs an action (toggles a pin) every millisecond thereafter with accuracy as good as that of the oscillator driving the Propeller chip.

Here, I/O pin 1 is set to output. Then the local variable Cycles is set equal to the current System Clock frequency divided by 1000; i.e., the number of System Clock cycles per 1 millisecond of time. Next, the local variable TimeBase is set to the current System Counter value. Finally, the last two lines of code repeat endlessly; each time waiting until the start of the next millisecond and then toggling the state of P1.

For more information, see the WAITCNT section’s Fixed Delays on page 218 and Synchronized Delays on page 219 of the Propeller Manual. The CNT register is read-only so in Spin it should not be assigned a value (i.e., should not be to the left of a := or other assignment operator) and when used in Propeller Assembly it should only be accessed as a source (s-field) value (i.e., mov dest, source).

RUNNING MODE & UPDATE PERIOD
For some of these operations, the cog can be set up and left in a free-running mode. For others, it may use WAITCNT to time-align counter reads and writes within a loop, creating the effect of a more complex state machine. Note that for a cog clock frequency of 80 MHz, the counter update period is a mere 12.5 ns. This high speed, combined with 32-bit precision, allows for very dynamic signal generation and measurement.

DESIGN GOAL
The design goal for the counter was to create a simple and flexible subsystem which could perform some repetitive task on every clock cycle, thereby freeing the cog to perform some computationally richer super-task. While the counters have only 32 basic operating modes, there is no limit to how they might be used dynamically through software. Integral to this concept is the use of the WAITPEQ, WAITPNE, and WAITCNT instructions, which can event-align or time-align a cog with its counters. Each counter has three registers...

QUANTUM MECHANICS
Quantum mechanics (QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory) is a branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant. Quantum mechanics departs from classical mechanics primarily at the quantum realm of atomic and subatomic length scales. QM provides a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. In advanced topics of quantum mechanics, some of these behaviors are macroscopic and only emerge at extreme (i.e., very low or very high) energies or temperatures. The name quantum mechanics derives from the observation that some physical quantities can change only in discrete amounts (Latin quanta), and not in a continuous (cf. analog) way. For example, the angular momentum of an electron bound to an atom or molecule is quantized. In the context of quantum mechanics, the wave–particle duality of energy and matter and the uncertainty principle provide a unified view of the behavior of photons, electrons, and other atomic-scale objects. -Wikipedia

THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. An electron microscope (EM) has greater resolving power than a light-powered optical microscope because electrons have wavelengths about 100,000 times shorter than visible light (photons) . They can achieve better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x whereas ordinary, non-confocal light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x.
The electron microscope uses electrostatic and electromagnetic "lenses" to control the electron beam and focus it to form an image. These lenses are analogous to but different from the glass lenses of an optical microscope that form a magnified image by focusing light on or through the specimen. Electron microscopes are used to observe a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, the electron microscope is often used for quality control and failure analysis. For more information, refer to Wikipedia.

Propeller Nano Tool Development

THE NANO WINDOW 
Propeller Nano Window  Here's the first Nano device for our project and a tool for measuring the smallest units of System clock cycling inside the Propeller chip, using the System Counter and programming in Spin language. The code provides a way to read and view the numerical result of the System Counter CNT register and display a binary result on a series of LED lights attached to pins P0 through P31. The number represented by 32 binary lights: Note, although there are several systems and methods of representing signed integers with a processor, using sign & magnitude or one's complement systems, the range is from -2147483647 to 2147483647. Using a two's complement system, it's -2147483648 to 2147483647.

{
      ************************************************************************
      ************************************************************************
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                      Propeller NANO Window                       ***
      ***               Displays Binary Result on LEDs P0-P31              ***
      ***                       nano_window.spin                           ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                             V01.0                                ***
      ***                           Humanoido                              ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                                                                  ***  
      ************************************************************************
}
CON    
  _clkmode = xtal1 + pll16x ' Declare constants, Feedback/PLL multiplier   
  _xinfreq = 5_000_000      ' External oscillator 5 MHz Crystal for 80MHz
                            ' 160MIPs, 20MIPs/Cog
VAR                         ' Variables Declaration
  long  Time                ' Time is the returned variable from cnt
PUB ReadCNT                 ' Read the system counter public method
  Time := cnt               ' Read System Counter 32 bit number
  DIRA := %11111111111111111111111111111111 ' Direction State -
                            ' Make pins 0-31 outputs
  OUTA := Time              ' Output State - Send Time variable to A register
                            ' & output
  waitpne(0, 0, 0)          ' Keep cog alive or spin interpreter will exit
                            ' (or use repeat)
  
CREATING A NANO PULSAR
GOING BEYOND A PULSAR STAR
Propeller Nano Pulsar  Are there stars inside the Propeller chip? We think so. Let's create a simple exampling Nano Pulsar, a tiny machine built up from code and the Counter Module to create incredibly small nano pulses at pin location. Not unlike a periodic Pulsar Star (which can provide a reference millisecond periodic timing base), the Propeller Nano Pulsar is programmed to continually and periodically emit its nanosecond range signal, actually exceeding the range parameters of a Pulsar Star, in this case a repeating 12.6 nano-second wide nano pulse. Programming is in Propeller Spin language.

{
      ************************************************************************
      ************************************************************************
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                      Propeller Nano Pulsar                       ***
      ***                        Nano Result at Pin                        ***
      ***                         prop_pulsar.spin                         ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                             V01.0                                ***
      ***                           Humanoido                              ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                                                                  ***  
      ************************************************************************
}
CON
                 ' Declare constants, Feedback/PLL multiplier  
   _clkmode = xtal1 + pll16x 
                 ' External oscillator 5 MHz Crystal for 80MHz
   _xinfreq = 5_000_000     
                 ' 160MIPs, 20MIPs/Cog PUB Toggle3(Pin)
                 'Use cog's counter module, toggle at clock speed
dira[Pin]~~      'Set I/O pin to output
                 ' mode PLL BPIN APIN
ctra := 100_000 << 23 + 1 << 9 + Pin
                 'Establish mode and APIN (BPIN ignored)
                 'Set FRQA so PHSA[31] toggles every clock
frqa := $8000_0000
repeat           'infinity loop
    
This code produces a Pulsar with 12.6-ns wide nano pulses at definitive pin location. The period is only 25.0 nanoseconds.

THE SMALLEST PULSAR
GOING SMALLER with more "Nano-esse" 
The machine can be rebuilt for higher resolution with a 6.25Mhz hardware crystal to sub for the 5Mhz crystal, going from 80Mhz clock to 100Mhz and creating a 10-ns wide pulse range with a smaller period of only 20 nanoseconds. This ultra miniscule 10-ns wide "machine" is the smallest created thus far (in terms of pulsating width) within the Propeller chip' TinyCOSMOS. It has a timing is equal to ten billionths of one second.

{
      ************************************************************************
      ************************************************************************
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                     Propeller Nano Pulsar 2                      ***
      ***                        Nano Result at Pin                        ***
      ***                        prop_pulsar2.spin                         ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                             V01.0                                ***
      ***                           Humanoido                              ***
      ***                                                                  ***
      ***                                                                  ***  
      ************************************************************************
}
CON
                 ' Declare constants, Feedback/PLL multiplier  
   _clkmode = xtal1 + pll16x 
                 ' External oscillator 6.25 MHz Crystal for 100MHz
   _xinfreq = 6_250_000     
                 ' 200MIPs, 25MIPs/Cog PUB Toggle3(Pin)
                 'Use cog's counter module, toggle at clock speed
dira[Pin]~~      'Set I/O pin to output
                 ' mode PLL BPIN APIN
ctra := 100_000 << 23 + 1 << 9 + Pin
                 'Establish mode and APIN (BPIN ignored)
                 'Set FRQA so PHSA[31] toggles every clock
frqa := $8000_0000
repeat           'infinity loop

DEFINING NANOTIME
Let's introduce the Big Brain's concept of NanoTime for the Propeller chip. While Nano size is well defined within a range of units, the unit range of Nano time is not. Therefore this project will set the range of Nano time within the criteria range (along at least one side of a variable cycle) of one nanosecond to 100 nanoseconds. This is one billionth of a second to 100 billionths of a second. Ten nano-seconds is equal to 1/100th of a microsecond while a hundred nano-seconds is equal to 1/10th microsecond. Generally, nanotechnology works with materials, devices, and other structures with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers.

CONVERTING UNITS
The Mac Dashboard within OSX 10.6.8 is a time quick and easy conversion program with units ranging from nanoseconds to years. It shows the nanotechnology range of 1 to 100 ns is equal to .001 to .1 microsecond and 1E-6 to .0001 millisecond when converted.

NANOSECOND
A nanosecond (ns) is one billionth of a second (10⁻⁹ or ¹/_{1,000,000,000} s). A nanosecond is equal to 1000 picoseconds or ¹⁄₁₀₀₀ microsecond.

NANOMETER
A nanometer; symbol nm, is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter. 

PULSAR
A pulsar (portmanteau of pulsating star) is a highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation. This radiation can only be observed when the beam of emission is pointing towards the Earth, much the way a lighthouse can only be seen when the light is pointed in the direction of an observer, and is responsible for the pulsed appearance of emission. Neutron stars are very dense, and have short, regular rotational periods. This produces a very precise interval between pulses that range from roughly milli-seconds to seconds for an individual pulsar. The precise periods of pulsars makes them useful tools. Observations of a pulsar in a binary neutron star system were used to indirectly confirm the existence of gravitational radiation. The first extrasolar planets were discovered around a pulsar, PSR B1257+12. Certain types of pulsars rival atomic clocks in their accuracy in keeping time. - Wikipedia

LINKS
Molecular Microscopy Initiative